Memory problems and dementia in older adults
याददाश्त की कमी और डिमेंशिया
Some memory change is normal with age, but dementia affects daily functioning. Depression, thyroid, vitamin B12 deficiency and medicines can also cause memory problems — and these are treatable.
Medically reviewed by Dr. Kuldeep Budania, MBBS, MD Psychiatry
Common symptoms
- Forgetting recent events, repeating questions
- Getting lost in familiar places
- Difficulty with money, cooking or medicines
- Personality change, suspicion, irritability
- Night-time confusion or wandering
- Low mood and withdrawal in old age
Causes
- Alzheimer's disease, vascular (stroke-related) dementia
- Depression in old age ('pseudo-dementia')
- Thyroid, B12 deficiency, infections, medicine side-effects
- Long-term alcohol or opium use
Risk factors
- Age over 65
- High blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, high cholesterol
- Untreated hearing loss, physical inactivity, depression, social isolation
- Head injuries and heavy alcohol use
How it is diagnosed
- Memory and thinking tests; history from a family member
- Blood tests (B12, thyroid, sugar) and brain imaging to find treatable causes
- Assessment of daily functioning and safety
Classification: ICD-10 F00–F03 · ICD-11 6D80–6D8ZDementia (by cause: Alzheimer disease, vascular, Lewy body, frontotemporal, others).
Treatment options
- 1Memory assessment and blood tests for treatable causes
- 2Medicines that can slow decline in some dementias
- 3Treating depression, sleep and behaviour problems safely
- 4Caregiver guidance: routine, safety, communication
- 5Review of all medicines to reduce harmful ones
Psychotherapy and counselling
- Cognitive stimulation activities
- Caregiver education and support
Guidance for family
- Keep routines simple and the home safe (lighting, rails, gas)
- Plan legal and financial matters early, while the person can take part
When to see a psychiatrist
- Memory problems affecting daily tasks
- Sudden confusion — urgent medical check (may be infection or delirium)
- Caregiver is exhausted
Thoughts of self-harm or a medical emergency? Call Tele-MANAS 14416 (24×7, free) or 112.
Frequently asked questions
Is memory loss just old age?
Not always. Some causes are reversible, so assessment is worthwhile.
Can family consult on behalf of an elderly patient?
Yes. Family input is essential; the patient can join the video call if possible.
Are sleeping pills safe in old age?
Many increase confusion and falls. Ask before giving any sleeping medicine.
Help is available — confidential, in Hindi or English.
Private video consultation from anywhere in India with an Ajmer-based psychiatrist. Psychiatry consultation ₹500.
This page is for education and does not replace a personal consultation. Do not start or stop any medicine without a doctor's advice.