Specific learning disorders affect reading (dyslexia), writing or maths despite normal intelligence and teaching.
They are often mistaken for laziness. Early identification protects self-esteem.
Key concepts
- Intelligence is usually normal
- Specialised teaching helps
- Certification can allow exam accommodations
Symptoms and signs
- Difficulty linking letters and sounds; slow reading
- Frequent spelling errors, letter reversals beyond age 7–8
- Trouble with number facts despite effort
Causes
- Differences in how the brain processes language or numbers
- Often runs in families
- Not caused by poor teaching or laziness
Risk factors
- Family history
- ADHD
- Speech and language delay in early years
Evidence-based management
- Eye and hearing tests; psycho-educational assessment
- Remedial education with a special educator
- School accommodations: extra time, reader or writer as per board rules
- Treat co-existing ADHD or anxiety
When to seek professional help
- Reading or writing far behind classmates
- Child avoiding homework, low confidence
- Parents can book a consultation first to discuss concerns before involving the child
Frequently asked questions
Can dyslexia be cured?
It is lifelong, but with the right teaching most children learn to read and succeed.
Which certificate is needed for exam help?
Requirements vary by board; an assessment report from an authorised centre is usually needed.
Medical references
Guidelines and official sources used for this article.
- ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. World Health Organization.
- The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. Government of India.
- Author
- Dr. Kuldeep Budania, MBBS, MD Psychiatry
- Medical reviewer
- Dr. Kuldeep Budania, MD Psychiatry
- Last reviewed
This article is for general information and is not a substitute for personal medical advice.
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